@ARTICLE{mcp,
  title     = "An Individual Difference Measure of Motivation to Control
               Prejudiced Reactions",
  author    = "Dunton, Bridget C and Fazio, Russell H",
  abstract  = "The present research examines the assertion that individuals
               differ in the extent to which they seek to control the
               expression of prejudice. The authors developed the Motivation to
               Control Prejudiced Reactions Scale to assess this individual
               difference. Psychometric properties of the scale are reported,
               including its stable two-factor structure across samples. In
               addition, evidence regarding predictive validity is presented.
               The expression of racial prejudice on self-report measures was
               moderated by the extent to which respondents reported being
               motivated to inhibit prejudiced reactions. Specifically, the
               authors observed interactions between unobtrusive estimates of
               racial attitudes based on automatic attitude activation and
               scores on the Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions Scale
               when predicting self-reported evaluations. Motivated individuals
               expressed less prejudiced responses even if their unobtrusive
               estimates revealed automatically activated negativity in
               response to Blacks. In contrast, the less motivated provided
               self-reports consistent with their automatically activated
               attitudes.",
  journal   = "Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.",
  publisher = "SAGE Publications Inc",
  volume    =  23,
  number    =  3,
  pages     = "316--326",
  month     =  mar,
  year      =  1997
}


@ARTICLE{gnambs,
  title    = "Disclosure of sensitive behaviors across self-administered survey
              modes: a meta-analysis",
  author   = "Gnambs, Timo and Kaspar, Kai",
  abstract = "In surveys, individuals tend to misreport behaviors that are in
              contrast to prevalent social norms or regulations. Several design
              features of the survey procedure have been suggested to
              counteract this problem; particularly, computerized surveys are
              supposed to elicit more truthful responding. This assumption was
              tested in a meta-analysis of survey experiments reporting 460
              effect sizes (total N =125,672). Self-reported prevalence rates
              of several sensitive behaviors for which motivated misreporting
              has been frequently observed were compared across
              self-administered paper-and-pencil versus computerized surveys.
              The results revealed that computerized surveys led to
              significantly more reporting of socially undesirable behaviors
              than comparable surveys administered on paper. This effect was
              strongest for highly sensitive behaviors and surveys administered
              individually to respondents. Moderator analyses did not identify
              interviewer effects or benefits of audio-enhanced computer
              surveys. The meta-analysis highlighted the advantages of
              computerized survey modes for the assessment of sensitive topics.",
  journal  = "Behav. Res. Methods",
  volume   =  47,
  number   =  4,
  pages    = "1237--1259",
  month    =  dec,
  year     =  2015,
  keywords = "Computer; Paper-and-pencil; Self-disclosure; Sensitive question;
              Survey",
  language = "en"
}


@ARTICLE{chiesa,
  title     = "Making sense of social research: how useful is the Hawthorne
               Effect?",
  author    = "Chiesa, Mecca and Hobbs, Sandy",
  abstract  = "`The Hawthorne Effect' is a phrase frequently employed in
               textbooks and other academic discourse. It appears to have been
               coined over 50 years ago and alludes to the outcome of research
               undertaken two decades earlier. This paper seeks to elucidate
               how the term `Hawthorne Effect' has come to be used. A variety
               of texts will be presented to demonstrate the many different and
               often contradictory meanings ascribed to the term. A
               consideration of Guerin's review of research in social
               facilitation suggests the complexity of issues that seem to be
               involved in the use of the term `Hawthorne Effect' is such that
               greater precision is required. Ultimately, we conclude, the term
               has no useful role in the discussion of research findings.
               Copyright \copyright{} 2006 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.",
  journal   = "Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.",
  publisher = "Wiley",
  volume    =  38,
  number    =  1,
  pages     = "67--74",
  month     =  jan,
  year      =  2008,
  language  = "en"
}


@ARTICLE{krumpal,
  title    = "Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a
              literature review",
  author   = "Krumpal, Ivar",
  abstract = "Survey questions asking about taboo topics such as sexual
              activities, illegal behaviour such as social fraud, or unsocial
              attitudes such as racism, often generate inaccurate survey
              estimates which are distorted by social desirability bias. Due to
              self-presentation concerns, survey respondents underreport
              socially undesirable activities and overreport socially desirable
              ones. This article reviews theoretical explanations of socially
              motivated misreporting in sensitive surveys and provides an
              overview of the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of
              specific survey methods designed to encourage the respondents to
              answer more honestly. Besides psychological aspects, like a
              stable need for social approval and the preference for not
              getting involved into embarrassing social interactions, aspects
              of the survey design, the interviewer's characteristics and the
              survey situation determine the occurrence and the degree of
              social desirability bias. The review shows that survey designers
              could generate more valid data by selecting appropriate data
              collection strategies that reduce respondents' discomfort when
              answering to a sensitive question.",
  journal  = "Qual. Quant.",
  volume   =  47,
  number   =  4,
  pages    = "2025--2047",
  month    =  jun,
  year     =  2013
}


@ARTICLE{glynn,
  title     = "What Can We Learn with Statistical Truth {Serum?Design} and
               Analysis of the List Experiment",
  author    = "Glynn, Adam N",
  abstract  = "Abstract. Due to the inherent sensitivity of many survey
               questions, a number of researchers have adopted an indirect
               questioning technique known as the list exp",
  journal   = "Public Opin. Q.",
  publisher = "Oxford Academic",
  volume    =  77,
  number    = "S1",
  pages     = "159--172",
  month     =  jan,
  year      =  2013
}


@ARTICLE{imai,
  title     = "Statistical Analysis of List Experiments",
  author    = "Blair, Graeme and Imai, Kosuke",
  abstract  = "The validity of empirical research often relies upon the
               accuracy of self-reported behavior and beliefs. Yet eliciting
               truthful answers in surveys is challenging, especially when
               studying sensitive issues such as racial prejudice, corruption,
               and support for militant groups. List experiments have attracted
               much attention recently as a potential solution to this
               measurement problem. Many researchers, however, have used a
               simple difference-in-means estimator, which prevents the
               efficient examination of multivariate relationships between
               respondents' characteristics and their responses to sensitive
               items. Moreover, no systematic means exists to investigate the
               role of underlying assumptions. We fill these gaps by developing
               a set of new statistical methods for list experiments. We
               identify the commonly invoked assumptions, propose new
               multivariate regression estimators, and develop methods to
               detect and adjust for potential violations of key assumptions.
               For empirical illustration, we analyze list experiments
               concerning racial prejudice. Open-source software is made
               available to implement the proposed methodology.",
  journal   = "Polit. Anal.",
  publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
  volume    =  20,
  number    =  1,
  pages     = "47--77",
  year      =  2012
}


@ARTICLE{no2sec,
  title     = "{\#No2Sectarianism}: Experimental Approaches to Reducing
               Sectarian Hate Speech Online",
  author    = "Siegel, Alexandra A and Badaan, Vivienne",
  abstract  = "We use an experiment across the Arab Twittersphere and a
               nationally representative survey experiment in Lebanon to
               evaluate what types of counter-speech interventions are most
               effective in reducing sectarian hate speech online. We explore
               whether and to what extent messages priming common national
               identity or common religious identity, with and without elite
               endorsements, decrease the use of hostile anti-outgroup
               language. We find that elite-endorsed messages that prime common
               religious identity are the most consistently effective in
               reducing the spread of sectarian hate speech. Our results
               provide suggestive evidence that religious elites may play an
               important role as social referents---alerting individuals to
               social norms of acceptable behavior. By randomly assigning
               counter-speech treatments to actual producers of online hate
               speech and experimentally evaluating the effectiveness of these
               messages on a representative sample of citizens that might be
               incidentally exposed to such language, this work offers insights
               for researchers and policymakers on avenues for combating
               harmful rhetoric on and offline.",
  journal   = "Am. Polit. Sci. Rev.",
  publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
  volume    =  114,
  number    =  3,
  pages     = "837--855",
  month     =  aug,
  year      =  2020
}


@ARTICLE{salti,
  title     = "{THE} {ROLE} {OF} {SECTARIANISM} {IN} {THE} {ALLOCATION} {OF}
               {PUBLIC} {EXPENDITURE} {IN} {POSTWAR} {LEBANON}",
  author    = "Salti, Nisreen and Chaaban, Jad",
  abstract  = "[The purpose of this article is twofold. First, we aim to
               evaluate the records of executive branches of the Lebanese
               government that are involved in public social spending in terms
               of their ability to respond to need. Second, we attempt to
               uncover the criteria underlying the distribution of public
               social spending. The allocation of funds across sectors and
               administrative districts is evaluated according to a vector of
               the socioeconomic characteristics of each locality thought to be
               of relevance. We find that the association between need and
               spending is, at best, very loose. When we use the geographical
               distribution of spending and voting data from each locality to
               estimate each religious sect's share of public spending, we find
               a striking conformity between the sectarian composition of the
               population and each sect's estimated share of national public
               spending. The logic of the disbursement of public funds and the
               mechanism underlying the observed one-man one-dollar
               distribution rule---a rule with primacy over health, education,
               and infrastructure needs as well as imbalances across
               regions---is that distribution be balanced across sects.]",
  journal   = "Int. J. Middle East Stud.",
  publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
  volume    =  42,
  number    =  4,
  pages     = "637--655",
  year      =  2010
}





